Somalia is on the brink of a historic event: it is preparing to hold its first “one person, one vote” election since independence in 1960. This momentous occasion marks a significant departure from the “selection-based” elections that have characterized Somalia’s political landscape since the collapse of the military regime in 1991. For many years, the political process was dominated by a system in which members of parliament, selected under a clan-based power-sharing formula, elected the president. This system has been widely criticised as being prone to corruption, vote-buying and manipulation, thereby denying ordinary Somalis a say in their governance.
The upcoming elections are important not only because they break with this flawed system, but also because they spur Somalia to democratize its governance structure. For the first time in more than 50 years, Somalia’s citizens will have the opportunity to exercise their constitutional right by directly electing their politicians. This represents a shift that, in practice, provides an opportunity to legitimize governance, increase accountability, and foster a culture of active political engagement. In a country where power has often been concentrated in individuals, the acceptance of universal suffrage demonstrates a strong commitment to democratic values and principles.
The road to this point has been long and full of challenges. After gaining independence from colonial rule, Somalia experienced a brief period of democracy, which was abruptly ended by a military coup in 1969. The regime of General Siad Barre seized control and led the country into an era of authoritarian rule that lasted until the government collapsed in 1991. The civil war that followed plunged Somalia into chaos, with various factions and warlords vying for control, leading to decades of instability and suffering for the Somali people.
After the Barres regime, Somalia struggled to rebuild a government. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was established in 2004 to restore some form of government to the conflict-torn country. However, it was not until 2012 that Somalia took steps to build a system and democratic institutions with the adoption of a constitution. During this time, a selection system was introduced in which clan leaders and elites had influence over the selection of members of parliament, who then elected the president.
Although this new system represented progress compared to the turmoil, it was still not ideal. Allegations of corruption and vote buying marred the picture, as wealthy candidates often resorted to vote buying. The clan-based power-sharing system aimed to accommodate interests and instead deepened divisions. Non-dominant clans were marginalized. As a result, the political system lacked credibility and failed to represent the aspirations of the Somali community.
The move to suffrage is one step towards addressing these challenges. It promises to democratise politics by allowing every Somali to have a say in the choice of their politicians. This is particularly important in Somalia’s social context, which is characterised by a diverse population and deep-rooted clan affiliations. Universal suffrage offers the opportunity to overcome these divisions and promote unity and common goals.
Yet this transition is fraught with hurdles. One major obstacle is resistance from elites who have thrived under the existing system. Many fear that true democracy could weaken their authority as ordinary Somalis have more influence in choosing their leaders. These elites have an interest in maintaining the status quo as it allows them to control politics through incentives and patronage networks.
There are also hurdles to overcome. Holding an election in a country with poor infrastructure, poor transport systems and large areas controlled by state groups is a huge challenge. There are concerns about the availability of resources such as voter information materials, polling stations and ballot papers. Maintaining the integrity of the voter registration process is crucial as any perceived irregularity on the part of federal member states could damage the credibility of the election.
The international community must support Somalia in its democratic process. This includes support, financial assistance and capacity building for bodies. International partners can also ensure that the process is fair, transparent and free from interference. However, it is important that external parties respect Somalia’s sovereignty and avoid actions that could be seen as interference. Assistance should be tailored to the obstacles and circumstances in Somalia and ensure that it effectively supports institutions and stakeholders.
A strategy is needed to address the security threats posed by Al Shabaab. While military assistance is essential, it is equally important to support efforts to combat extremism and advance the peace process. This includes addressing the root causes of instability such as poverty, unemployment and inequality of opportunity. By investing in development and providing opportunities for Somalis, the international community can help reduce the appeal of their beliefs.
In addition, it is important that the international community supports Somalia in creating a framework. This requires not only aid, but also the promotion of a culture of openness and accountability. Observers and monitors will play a role in ensuring elections take place while preventing fraud and coercion. In addition, investment in education is essential to provide citizens with knowledge of their rights and responsibilities in a democratic society.
Somali media also plays an important role in this endeavor. A free and unbiased press is vital to getting information to the public, holding candidates and officials accountable, and stimulating public debate. At times, Somali journalists have encountered obstacles such as intimidation, harassment, and violence. Ensuring their safety and maintaining a thriving media landscape is critical to the well-being of Somali democracy.
As Somalia prepares for this election, the world’s attention is focused on it. The stakes are high and there is the potential for change. However, the road to establishing democracy is long and full of challenges. It will take the efforts of the people, politicians and the global community to overcome these obstacles and build a future based on democratic values, accountability and inclusiveness.
This election is more than just a milestone; it serves as a litmus test of Somalia’s resilience and reflects the unwavering spirit of its people. Progress toward voting rights reflects a quest for peace, stability and self-government. At this turning point, Somalia has the chance to reshape its destiny and take significant steps toward a more democratic and prosperous society. While there are still uncertainties along the way, the beacon of beginnings shines brightly – offering hope and motivation to all who envision a better future for Somalia.
